香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠急慢性毒性实验的研究

通过以制备香烟烟雾水溶液（water-soluble contents of cigarette smoke,WSCCS）为阳性对照组,生理盐水为阴性对照组,观察0．1ml／lOg、0．2ml／10g、0．4ml／10g的WSCCS对小鼠的急慢性（稀释原配制溶液50倍）毒性作用．结果显示：急性中毒小鼠可出现耳部黏膜变白,竖尾,呼吸、心率加快,抽搐,惊厥甚至死亡;慢性中毒小鼠则出现体重下降、性格暴躁、大便溏稀等症状,解剖后可观察到内脏各器官肺、肝、肾、胃肠道颜色、体积等改变．由此得出香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠各系统有较强的急性和慢性毒性作用,从而间接证明香烟对人体会产生各种可能的危害．     

Working and Caring for a Child with Chronic Illness: Challenges in Maintaining Employment

This paper shares some pertinent findings from an initial, qualitative stage of a larger, national study currently being undertaken in Australia, exploring the support needs of parents who are working full time and caring for a child with chronic illness. The findings presented here depict the negative impact of these parents caring responsibilities on their work life and the increased stress they experience trying to maintain full time employment. In-depth interviews revealed how these parents had to rearrange their working hours, use up their leave entitlements, work unsatisfactory hours, sacrifice their careers and even change their jobs in order to balance their dual roles. In addition, the findings also highlight the negative and unsupportive attitude that employers had towards these parents. These employment conditions were extremely stressful and frustrating for parents affecting their physical and emotional well being.     

清除计算机引导型病毒的通用方法

本文通过 DOS 引导过程分析,结合计算机引导型病毒的特点,给出了一般的引导型病毒的清除方法及实用程序。     

Cost-effectiveness of telaprevir in combination with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin in treatment-experienced chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients

Background:

Telaprevir (TVR,T) and boceprevir (BOC,B) are direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) used for the treatment of chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness of TVR combined with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) alfa-2a plus ribavirin (RBV) compared with Peg-IFN alfa-2a and RBV (PR) alone or BOC plus Peg-IFN alfa-2b and RBV in treatment-experienced patients.

Methods:

A Markov cohort model of chronic genotype 1 HCV disease progression reflected the pathway of experienced patients retreated with DAA therapy. The population was stratified by previous response to treatment (i.e., previous relapsers, partial responders, and null responders). Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were derived from a mixed-treatment comparison that included results from separate Phase III trials of TVR and BOC. Incremental cost per life year (LY) gained and quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) gained were computed at lifetime, adopting the NHS perspective. Costs and health outcomes were discounted at 3.5%. Uncertainty was assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Sub-group analyses were carried out by interleukin (IL)-28B genotype.

Results:

Higher costs and improved outcomes were associated with T/PR relative to PR alone for all experienced patients (ICER of £6079). T/PR was cost-effective for each sub-group population with high SVR advantage in relapsers (ICER of £2658 vs £7593 and £20,875 for partial and null responders). T/PR remained cost-effective regardless of IL-28B sub-type. Compared to B/PR, T/PR prolonged QALYs by 0.57 and reduced lifetime costs by £13,960 for relapsers. For partial responders T/PR was less costly but less efficacious than B/PR, equating to an ICER of £128,117 per QALY gained.

Limitations:

No head-to-head trial provides direct evidence of better efficacy of T/PR vs B/PR.

Conclusion:

T/PR is cost-effective compared with PR alone in experienced patients regardless of treatment history and IL-28B genotype. Compared to B/PR, T/PR is always cost-saving but only more effective in relapsers.     

金融危机跨国传染的实证检验——以美国金融危机为例

论文使用包括美国在内的28个经济体的股票指数的日收益率,进行相关系数及其费雪Z转换来检验美国金融危机的跨国传染效应;并运用单因素模型回归来验证纯传染效应的存在以及用经异方差调整后的相关系数对此纯传染效应进一步判断,分析结果表明:中国大陆和香港地区在本次危机中不仅存在金融危机传染效应,而且存在金融危机纯传染效应,而另外8个存在金融危机传染效应的经济体则不存在纯传染效应。     

如何应对品牌战略实施中的“寄生”与“株连”问题

在简要分析目前广泛存在的品牌"寄生"与"株连" 问题及其成因的基础上,文章提出以品牌资源优势为主要战略依托的企业应该力求做大规模、增强实力,提高抵御因被模仿而带来的各种风险的能力.在采取的具体策略上,可以紧密结合企业自身实际,积极选择一些切实可行的有效路径主动进取,从而走出被"寄生"或受"株连"的困境.     

Cost utility of allogeneic stem cell transplantation with matched unrelated donor versus treatment with imatinib for adult patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia

Objective: To estimate, from the perspective of the German statutory health insurance, the cost utility of allogeneic stem cell transplantation with matched unrelated donor (MUD-SCT) in newly diagnosed, chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients aged 40 years or younger, relative to the treatment with imatinib.

Methods: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the additional cost of imatinib versus MUD-SCT per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained was chosen as a target assessment. ICER was quantified using a Markov cohort modelling approach. The evaluation encompassed 5 years of treatment with either approach, and only direct medical costs (in €, year 2005) were considered.

Results: There were incremental costs of €77,410 for imatinib therapy per QALY gained versus MUD-SCT. No strategy was clearly dominant; on average, during 5 years, cost savings of €63,433 were obtained and 0.82 QALY lost by SCT compared to treatment with imatinib. QALYs gained in CML patients with either treatment resulted in considerable cost to the third-party payer in Germany. The results were particularly sensitive to the price of imatinib.

Conclusions: The analysis finds that imatinib is more costly but more effective (as measured in QALYs) over a 5-year time horizon. The resulting ICER of €77,410 per QALY is higher than commonly cited thresholds. The cost utility of MUD-SCT to treat CML in patients with a European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation score ≤ to 2 compares with that of the imatinib strategy.     

Cost-effectiveness of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin with or without pegylated interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Italy

Abstract

Objective:

Across Italy up to 7.3% of the population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), with long-term complications resulting in high medical costs and significant morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options have limitations due to side effects, interferon intolerability and ineligibility, long treatment durations and low sustained virological response (SVR) rates, especially for the most severe patients). Sofosbuvir is the first nucleotide polymerase inhibitor with pan-genotypic activity. Sofosbuvir, administered with ribavirin (RBV) and with or without pegylated interferon (PEG-INF), resulted in >90% SVR across treatment-naïve (TN) genotype (GT) 1–6 patients. It is also the first treatment option for patients that are unsuitable for interferon (UI). This analysis evaluates the cost – effectiveness of sofosbuvir for GTs 1–6 in Italy.     

中国区域基础教育资源配置均等化的影响因素分析

教育公平是我国当前关注的热点。在界定区域基础教育资源配置均等化内涵的基础上,从宏观经济、教育政策、社会需求和教育制度等四方面分析影响我国区域基础教育资源配置均等化的因素并构建影响因素分析的理论模型,进而以我国2009年31省市为对象分别就四个影响因素对我国基础教育人力资源、物质资源和资金资源配置的作用进行多元线性回归分析统计检验,得出宏观经济和社会需求是影响我国区域基础教育资源配置均等化的关键因素,而教育政策与教育制度的影响较小的重要结论。